Can be on anything to do with microbiology (you can chose the topic) Article - 1

Can be on anything to do with microbiology (you can chose the topic) - Article Example The greatest microbial risks are because of ingestion of water contaminated with animal or human feces. Other sources of contamination are waste water discharges. Children under 5 years of age are the most affected population with these infectious diseases. Common diseases which are transmissible by water are cholera, typhoid and bacillary dysentery. Cholera is caused by gram negative rods Vibrio cholerae which are facultative anerobes. The organisms are aquatic bacteria and their distribution depends on sodium and temperature of the water. The incubation period of the disease is 1-3 days and the disease is characterised by acute and intense diarrhoea leading to dehydration. Cholera is associated with high mortality if not treated timely. Infection due to Vibrio cholera is dependent on adhesion of the cells of the bacteria to the mucous membrane of the intestine and production of cholera toxin. Cholera is very famous for its pandemics. The genes responsible for toxin production are h arbored in the CTX? segment (7–9.7 kb) of the chromosome. The strains of the organism are common in the environment, especially is estuaries. Non-culturable but viable bacteria are responsible for episodic nature and the sudden appearance of violent cholera outbreaks, followed by a rapid slowing down.

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Literature review - Essay Example Characteristic Expenditure in Australia average per night average per visitor Length of stay Main source market Age Martial status Travel party Repeat visitation On a travel package Share of accommodation nights Main courses studied Length of course Educational institution Formal $90 $16,000 170 nights 16% Chinese 9% Malaysians 8% Koreans 50% are 20-24 years 20% are 15-19 years 18% are 25-29 years 88% are single 86% traveled alone 59% were return visitors 7% package Rental accommodation (65%) Undergraduate degree (36%) English course ((20%) Post-graduate degree (19%) 58% studied a course with a duration of 1 year or more University (62%) Informal $65 $7000 95 nights 26% Malaysians 20% Indians 10% Koreans 31% are 20-24 years 20% are 35-44 years 19% are 25-29 years 68% are single 80% traveled alone 51% were return visitors 11% package Rental accommodation (42%) English course (36%) Work-related course (11%) On-the-job / Internal training (8%) 82% studied a course with a duration of less than 3 months English language institute (31%) Source: Tourism Research Australia International Visitor Survey 2007 (National Centre, 14) Surname 3 Importance of the Study Tourism Market Foreign education market is known as a significant and growing industry for Australian tourism. In 2006, around 350,000 foreign education visitors stayed for approximately 44 million nights in Australia. In 2007, it grew to almost 500,000 education visitors. Although consisting of just 6% of all international tourists, foreign education tourists contributed around 30% of visitor nights and almost 30% towards total spend in Australia (National Centre, 14). Over time, the international education industry has shown... Per survey results, approximately 500,000 foreign education visitors studied in Australia in 2007. Of these foreign education visitors, 75% were formal study toursits and 25% were informal study tourists. Altogether, foreign education tourists stayed in Australia for 86 million nights and were worth around $7B to the tourism industry in 2007. This sum has not included yet the spending of friends and relatives that visited these foreign education visitors (National Centre, 11-13). Within these previous studies, the characteristics of formal and non-formal foreign education tourists were quite diverse as was the nature of the studies they took. FIGURE 1: Summary of Formal and Informal Study Tourism Market 2007: Foreign education market is known as a significant and growing industry for Australian tourism. In 2006, around 350,000 foreign education visitors stayed for approximately 44 million nights in Australia. In 2007, it grew to almost 500,000 education visitors. Although consisting of just 6% of all international tourists, foreign education tourists contributed around 30% of visitor nights and almost 30% towards total spend in Australia (National Centre, 14). Over time, the international education industry has shown continuous progress. Between 2001 and 2007, the average rate of increase per year was 9%.