Climate Change And Renewable Energy Options

Climate Change And Renewable Energy Options Climate change is the consequence of any kind of adjustments in the climate system. Change in climate is caused by fluctuations in the factors that influence climatic patterns. This phenomenon has become one of the greatest environmental threats and risks that the world is facing. Persistent human activities such as driving cars, farming, deforestation, and industrialization result into production of greenhouse gases. These gases gather in the atmospheric space, and trap the heat from the sun. This is what causes climate change manifested through global warming and other processes. The effects of disruptive changes have led to catastrophic events like storms, droughts, rise in the sea levels, and floods (Kammen Casillas 2010, p. 1181). Climate change is majorly caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Most of the intervention efforts meant to mitigate the impacts of climate change thus target human activities that contribute to additional emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (Letcher ScienceDirect 2009, p. 67). Therefore, renewable energy has been considered as one of the leading solutions to climate change. Provision of carbon-neutral sources of power, heat, transport fuels and renewable energy options has been considered by environmental scientists as a great move in the right direction. The objective is to enact a transition from high to low carbon economy. Although the renewable energy sector is quickly changing, climate change crises dictate that the energy system be drastically transformed. This will help in combating the dangers that are associated with global warming that threatens to slump the global economy in the face of globalization and industrialization. Roggema (2009, p. 211) cited air pollution caused by transport and power sectors of the economy have been a great threat not only to the human health but have also shifted the climate systems. Prospective Interventions to Address Climate Change Crisis Climate change as an environmental problem is essentially a problem caused by the extreme utilization of fossil energy. Agriculture, changes in land use, cement production and use of chemicals all contribute to the emission of the greenhouse gases (Roggema 2009, p. 234). However, 70% of the global warming/climate change problems is caused by unsustainable use of fossil fuels. Therefore, in order to deal with the problems related to climate change, there has to be a shift from use of fossil fuels at home, in the industries, transport and generally the entire sectors of the economy (Roggema 2009, p. 203). In order to avert the challenges associated with climate change, saving of energy is essential. Electricity, automobiles and carbon emissions are the main causes of problems related to climate change. The regular incandescent light bulbs should thus be changed and replaced with the energy saving compact fluorescent bulbs which are more efficient and energy saving. The emissions that result from automobiles like motor vehicles, motorcycles should also be reduced (Letcher ScienceDirect 2009, p. 154). Climate change has been caused by human activities such as deforestation in search of more space for agricultural activities. Therefore carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere continues to rise. Being a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide has contributed to the rise of global temperatures. Roggema (2009, p. 183) cited that human activities that encroach to the environment should thus be limited to prevent further crises associated with global warming. Traditional methods of conservation of forest ecosystems should be embraced to preserve the ecosystem and mitigate the effects of climate change (Tracy 2010, p.353). Therefore reforestation should be encouraged so that the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are reduced from the atmosphere. Farming activities that promote environmental hazards such as soil erosion should thus be limited and replaced with farming approaches that are environmentally custodial. Industrialization is the major contributor to climate change. This is because of the emission of the greenhouse gases like Nitrous Oxide and Carbon dioxide (Tracy 2010, p. 354). In order to avert climate change challenges there should be focus on change in the energy used in the industries from the dirty to clean energy. Climate change scientists have advocated for the use of renewable energy as the solution to the climate change problems that are caused by the use of environmentally hazardous fuels like coal and nuclear energy in the industries in the global economy (Tracy 2010, p. 355). Climate Change and the options for Renewable Energy Human activities and natural environmental processes are all responsible for climate change. Natural causes include volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, changes in the earths orbit and solar variations. An eruption of volcanoes throws out great volumes of sulphur dioxide, water vapor, dust, and ash into the atmosphere (Wengenmayr 2008, p. 141). The large volumes of gases and ash have the ability to influence climatic patterns by increasing the planetary reflectivity leading to atmospheric cooling. The aerosols are produced by volcanoes also affects the purity of air in the atmosphere. These contribute greatly to climate change. The oceans currents are considered a great threat to the climate stability. The currents release great amounts of heat across the planet. Besides, the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere can produce El Nino. The oceans determine the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. This implies that changes in the ocean circulation greatly affects climate and significantly contributes to the climate (Wengenmayr 2008, p. 231). Climate change has been caused by human activities. MacZulak (2010, p. 9) cited that this is majorly through the burning of fossil fuels, changes in the land use, and industrialization. With industrial revolution of the 19th century, fossil fuels have been used to support industrial processes. Fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas have been great energy supplies for the industrialized economies. However, these sources of energy have contributed to great emissions of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These are responsible for climate change (MacZulak 2010, p. 8). Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased because of human activities such as deforestation and agriculture. Methane is released through oil drilling, mining of coal, leaking gas pipelines, landfills and waste dumps (MacZulak 2010, p. 9). These greenhouse gases cause great increase in the climate change and are significantly responsible for global warming. The greatest cause of climate change and global warming however is the burning of the fossil fuels. These fuels cause emission of greenhouse gases into the earths atmosphere leading to depletion of the ozone layer and global warming (Twidell Weir 2006, p. 143). Options for Renewable Energy The term renewable energy is used in reference to the energy resources that occur naturally in the environment and can always be re-used after the initial function. Examples of this energy are the solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Rivers, biomass and garbage are also considered as renewable energies (Abid, Crawford Davoudi 2009, p.167). Renewable energy is the future of the earths energy needs. However, in order to effectively combat climate change-related challenges, the global mean temperatures have to be kept below two degrees Celsius. This calls for prior planning and transformation of the industrial sectors use of energy. Renewable energy has the potential decreasing the use of fossil fuels that are to blame for most of the problems associated with climate change (Abid et al 2009, p. 169). Renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, and the bio-fuels are increasingly being used as energy alternatives. With the climate change and its crises, such form of energy has the advantage of energy security since the fossil fuels will be depleted as a result of climate change. Climate change is largely a consequence of anthropogenic activities such as burning of the fossil fuels, industrial processes, deforestation and the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is estimated that the power sector by itself contributes about 40% of the total carbon emissions (Abid et al 2009, p. 297). This can only be altered by shifting to the use of renewable energy. Climatic impacts such as tsunamis, droughts, wildfires, floods, storms, heat waves and tornados are consequences of climate change (MacZulak 2010, p. 8). However, according to the climate change specialists, clean air policy that includes use of renewable energy can substantially mitigate the negative impacts of climate change caused by fossil fuels. Renewable energy technologies are considered to be the most potential mitigation for greenhouse gases. In the steadily growing awareness on the importance of environmental protection priorities, renewable energy is considered appropriate in the mitigation of climate change effects (Chiras 2007, p. 67). Renewable energy is the alternative to the climate change crises since it does not produce greenhouse gas emissions and pollute the air as is the case with the fossil fuels. Chiras (2007, p. 17) indicated that biomass energy for example, has been used as an alternative for fossil fuels so as to conserve the environment. It is considered a greenhouse gas neutral since its combustion releases no more carbon dioxide than was absorbed during growth period of the organic material. Biomass fuel also contain little sulphur and low combustion temperatures. This limits the formation of nitrogen oxide which is a greenhouse gas dangerous to the environment (Abid et al 2009, p. 269). Responding to Climate Change The transport industry is driven mostly by petrol. This causes emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide combines with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and cause global warming. In order to deal with this menace, there is need for countries to invest in energy efficient technologies like plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and new technologies such as hydrogen cars (Abid et al 2009, p. 297). This has the potential of reducing petroleum emissions of greenhouse gases into the air. Further, there is need to shift from air and truck transports to electric rail transport that reduces emissions significantly. Industries should shift from the fossil fuels to use of bio-fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel fuels should be used in the gasoline engines in the industrial economies. Abid et al (2009, p. 169) cited that electric vehicles can contribute into reduction of dangerous gases into the atmosphere especially if the energy is produced through the renewable energy sources. In order to deal with climate change and environmental crises associated with it, elimination of waste methane is required. Methane is considered to be one of the strongest greenhouse gases that are responsible for the climate change problems. Waste methane should thus be dealt with responsibly. This is through careful handling of oil wells, landfills, coal mines and the waste treatment plants (Chiras 2007, p. 17). This will provide a net greenhouse gas emission benefits. Biomass as a source of bio-energy can be used to capture carbon. Biomass traps carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis. When biomass is decomposed through combustion, carbon is released as carbon dioxide. This is the process involved in the carbon cycle. Biomass fuelled power plants result into a net-negative carbon dioxide emission. This implies that there will be less carbon in the atmosphere will be trapped through the technology and reduce greenhouse gases that are a threat to the environment (Abid et al 2009, p. 169). The adoption of renewable energy technologies is strategic in addressing the problems associated with climate change and global warming (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 113). From 1970s and 80s, development agencies have promoted small-scale renewable energy technologies. This includes the use of biogas, cooking stoves, the wind turbines and solar heaters in the industrializing countries. In the large scale developing countries have responded to climate change through the use of ethanol in the transport sector. This is especially the case in Brazil. In India, biogas is being used in households for lighting and cooking. Grid connected power in India and hydropower are being used in India and Nepal respectively as renewable sources of energy and safe energy for environmental conservation (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 119). Naturally Sustainable Renewable Energy As oil reservoirs and oil wells in the world run dry due to extensive exploitation and use in the energy sector, there is also an outcry in the environment that is caused by their consequences. Renewable energy sources include geothermal energy, solar, hydroelectric, biomass and wind energy (Chiras 2007, p. 233). These forms of energy have been considered to be the most environmental friendly because they dont produce high levels of greenhouse gases and other substances that are not environmentally friendly. The challenge that these forms of renewable energy have is sustainable use. Hydroelectric power uses the movement of falling water to run the turbines. Unlike other sources of energy, hydroelectricity does not depend on the fuels like natural gas or petrol to run the engines. This makes it more environmentally friendly. Besides, it is more sustainable with the sustainability of the environment so that water capacity of the dams is not interfered with. It uses the natural progression nature to generate electricity (Chiras 2007, p. 117). Hydroelectric power does not produce direct waste that pollutes the environment. It is thus considered to be environmentally sustainable (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 114). The carbon dioxide levels produced by hydroelectric power plants are considerably very low. This is however only produced during the construction stage of the plants and not in the operational phase of the plants making it environmentally friendly. As a renewable source of energy, hydroelectric power does not need the use of fuels to run the turbines. The use of petrol in the production of hydroelectric energy is not existent. This implies that when the price of the fossil fuels rises, the hydroelectric plants are often not affected. This makes it a sustainable and reliable source of energy when compared to other sources of energy (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 116). It also means that the consumer price of this form of renewable energy is fairly constant. In terms of sustainability, hydroelectric power stations last longer than the energy plant stations that are powered by fossil fuels. They are generally easy to maintain and pose no much threat to human life and property. Hydroelectric energy plants contribute to conservation of the environment. In the countries where great investments have been done in the hydropower such as Bhutan, environmental stewardship and custodianship is encouraged. Ehrfeld (2009, p. 119) cited that since it depends on water, a lot of forest conservation and reforestation is encouraged. This helps in the reduction of the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. The human activities that contribute environmental degradation are also reduced through investment in the hydroelectric power plants. Climate change is caused by human activities that tamper with the environment. However, when a country invests in the hydroelectric plants, environmental conservations efforts are boosted. With the conservation of the water catchment areas and the forests, hydroelectricity becomes a very sustainable and reliable source of renewable energy. As it produces clean energy through environmentally friendly approaches, it also helps in the protection of Mother Nature (Ehrfeld 2009, p.121). International Agreements and Government Interventions in Climate Change Various intervention efforts have been made at the community and individual levels to combat climate change and to reduce the negative effects of human activities on the environment. However, much is still needed to be done especially at the inter-state and governmental level. One of the efforts that the governments from the industrialized countries are making in the mitigating climate change is through the Kyoto Protocol. The focus of the protocol is in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions especially from the industrialized countries by 2012. The developed countries have the responsibility to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases from their large industries. These gases contribute to global warming and climate change. The Kyoto Protocol intervention targets reduction of carbon in the atmosphere (Karlsson, Lund, Mathiesen 2010, p. 488). This is through emission trading, clean development mechanism and the joint implementation. These strategies target reductions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The countries that are signatories are thus investing in renewable energy technology options in the industries. The UK government considers climate change as a priority. Its approaches include targeting households to help in energy saving and strengthen renewable energy adoption. Civil society, community and private organizations are also strengthened through grants to help in generation of renewable heat from the renewable sources (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 115). The industrialized countries are re-focusing investments towards generation of renewable energies that are environmentally friendly and are sustainable. There is thus need to encourage less use of fossil fuels and more investment in the bio-fuels. Improvement of energy efficiency is a good government strategy for dealing with the climate change problems. Reduced use of energy implies reduced production of carbon dioxide. Karlsson et al (2010 p. 501) cited that this calls for more efficient vehicles, motors, appliances and industrial processes. Besides, development of renewable energy sources such as solar, geothermal, hydroelectricity, and biomass should be encouraged to reduce the consequences of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The transport sector should reduce gasoline consumption. The trucks, cars and buses use almost half of the oil in the United States. There is therefore urgent need for investment in electric and fuel-celled vehicles so as to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Transport policies should also encourage less driving of single-passenger vehicles in order to reduce greenhouse emissions (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 115). Human activities that involve land use are largely to blame for destruction of the environment. Governments should focus on developing agricultural policies that discourage environmentally hazardous practices and activities such deforestation and other human activities that are dangerous to the environment. Climate change has negatively impacted on food security. In order to therefore fight poverty, climate change must be addressed through agricultural activities and policies that are environmentally friendly (Kammen Casillas 2010, p. 1181-1182). Conclusion Climate change is greatly caused by human activities more than the natural processes. Industrialization and agricultural activities are largely responsible for the production of greenhouse gases that promote global warming and other consequences. These threaten wildlife and human existence and as such should be addressed. Renewable energy is the potential rescue of the environment from the negative effects of human activities. Governments and countries thus need to use less of fossil fuels and invest more in renewable energy technology options. These include hydropower, geothermal, wind energy and other reliable sources of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources.

Memoirs of a geisha by arthur golden

The geishas of Japan have long held a mystery that has inspired a lot of stories about who they were and how they lived their lives. Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden captures this fascinating and mysterious world in a story that contrasts the rich tradition of the geishas and the changes brought about by the World War II in Kyoto. This is the story of Chiyo, with her sister Saysu who are both sold to a stranger by their own father because they have to earn a living due to extreme poverty of their family.At the young age of nine, Chiyo has a beauty that makes her right to be a part of the geisha homes. However, her sister. Saysu, is not fortunate enough, as she does not possess beauty like her sister. Saysu is then forced into prostitution and the sisters are separated by these circumstances. Chiyo however metamorphoses into a beauty and is later known as Sayuri. Because she is the fairest among all the geisha’s in their home, she   eventually earns the wrath of the other geishas who came before her including the equally lovely Hatsumomo. Sayuri is almost destroyed by her rival Hatsumomo who envies her incessantly. If it were not for the intervention of the celebrated geisha Mameha, who coaches Sayuri about the chores and duties of a geisha, it would have been Sayuri’s end. Yet destiny prevails and Sayuri turns out to be a good pupil who learns to love what she has been taught.Author Arthur Golden succeeds in portraying the inner life of a geisha as he weaves the story in an enticing and engrossing way such that viewers find that their intricate kimonos are really not that easy to get into. Equally intricate is the way the story develops with the life of Sayuri as its focus. Golden recreates the scenes with such subtlety, sensuality and mastery of what the geisha world is all about. These glory days of Kyoto's Gion pleasure district is recaptured well in the story.The beauty and historical value of pre-war Japan is also seen here and which ad ds drama and color to the already colorful life of geishas. The book reminds me of the developmental theories which we learned in class. For instance, Bandura’s cognitive emphasis comes to mind as I view the scenes where Sayuri learns the art of being a gracious hostess. She is able to do it because she observed Hatsumomo many times over flipping the fans, turning and bowing to the clients with such excellent perfection. She is able to execute the movements excellently because of the observational learning which comes from observing the behavior of other people. Observational learning cannot occur unless cognitive processes are at work.In the story, the character Chiyo, who later transforms into Sayuri, was a keen observer all along. From the way the people nodded, she knew that there were some people who were plotting evil against her. She observed everything, even her benefactor, who transforms her life and whose actions does not escape the glances that were meant not only to look at the surface level, but to really look and find the nuances which she may uses.This art of observing has been perfected well by Sayuri and this is what removes her from the bind of the tradition and ennui. Observational learning is stressed in this cognitive social learning because this active, cognitive form of learning also permits individuals to be able to quickly assimilate thousands of new responses in a variety of settings. This is where their models are simply pursuing their own interests and are not trying to teach them anything. In the story, Sayuri continually learns both desirable and undesirable responses by keeping her eyes open. Moreover, in the story, we find that human development proceeds so very rapidly along so many different paths.I am also able to correlate the learning insights that there is a broad world view of how one should situate the context of the story. Another broad world view, the contextual model has recently emerged as the perspective that many developmentalists favor (Lerner, 1996). The contextual model views development as the product of a dynamic interplay between person and environment.People are assumed to be active in the developmental process (as in the organismic model) and the environment is active as well (as in the mechanistic model). Development may have both universal aspects and aspects peculiar to certain cultures, times or individuals. The potential exists for both qualitative and quantitative change, and development may proceed along many different paths depending on the intricate interplay between internal forces (nature) and external forces (environment).Since the story dates back to the height of the geishas and the rich culture of Japan, I am reminded again of the cross-cultural comparisons which one can apply as one reads the story. For instance, the story has given me a broad understanding of several Japanese students in the school. Some of them have been acquaintances and I now understand the particular culture that they come from. This provided me with some new ideas on the factors that may impact on the developmental process. It has given me new insights on the link between culture and development.Developmentalists are often hesitant  Ã‚   to publish a new findings or conclusions until they have finally observed and studied quite a number of people so that they can conclude that their results are reliable. However, their conclusions are more often based on participants living at one point in time within one particular culture or subculture. It would then be difficult to know if these conclusions apply to future generations or even to the young people currently growing up in other societies or subcultures (Lerner, 1996).Today, the generalizability of findings across samples and settings has become an important issue, for many theorists have implied that there are â€Å"universals† in human development—events and outcomes that all children share as they p rogress from infancy to adulthood. Thus, the cross-cultural guards against the overgeneralization of research findings.In sum, one must become a knowledgeable reader in order to get the most of what the field of human development has to offer, so that one’s views of the world from books, stories and one’s experiences become integrated in a coherent whole that explains why and how one acts and behaves the way he does. The story could have ended with the characters dismissing it as one of those geisha stories, but author Arthur Golden ends with bravura because the story recaptures the glorious days of the geisha and the values that provide the redeeming factor in an engrossing story of traditional Japan.It is interesting to note that Sayuri is able to blend well to the new environment where she is thrusted into because of her innate flexibility and strength of character from where she gets the power to rejuvenate. She is able to observe that she must obey and observe wha t her associates do, so that she can relate them in her own world as a geisha. She does not resent anything because she is made to do this work, but she negotiates her way around and emerges triumphant in the end where she â€Å"feels as a bird must feel when it has flown across the ocean and comes upon a creature that knows its nest.† (Starr).REFERENCESLerner, R.M. (1996). Relative plasticity, integration, temporality and diversity in humandevelopment: A developmental, contextual perspective about theory, process andmethod. Developmental Psychology. 32. pp. 781-786.Starr. K. Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden. Nabou.com. Retrieved Aug. 4, 2007 at:http://bookreviews.nabou.com/reviews/memoirs_of_a_geisha2.html

New Ideas Into Refugees Essay Samples Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Refugees Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Refugees Essay Samples The war appears to have no end in sight, regardless of the variety of domestic and foreign entities involved with the fray. Clearly, national security is an important concern. These countries are ready to finance the undertaking and get this up and running. In the last few years, our whole world sees the continuous evolution of science and technology together with the worldwide economy. A skilled immigrant refers to a person who banks heavily on his abilities and skilled qualification or the sort of experience he will probably experience in the host country. The principal risk they are exposed to is the danger of being arrested for illegal work. Moreover, an exhaustive investigation of the person is essential as a result of national security. There are a lot of complicated reasons that cause the issue of refugee and there's no easy remedy to it. A few of these refugees will dwell in these conditions for their entire life and others might have a quick stay after moving to some other nation. The range of refugees on the planet today has declined marginally. Currently, the idea of an environmental refugee isn't officially acknowledged around the world. The fundamental issue available, then is composed of how a sizable amount of people from several areas of the world are fleeing their home countries and seeking asylum within the European Union. Since it is very straightforward to apply. For example, the financial migrants are absolutely free to visit or to return to their home country. Contrary to this, they are in a position to go back home to meet their loved ones. A Syrian refugees essay might just be what it is you're looking for. You might be wondering why you must compose a Syrian refugee crisis essay. Inside this essay, there will be a discussion on how refugee migrants are not the same as economic migrants. The concluding paragraph is likely to present a succinct overview of the discussion. The fundamental measures to writing a terrific essay about refugees are rather straightforward. To put it differently, it's an overview of all of the ideas that you intend to present in your essay. The issue with the 1 essay per test format is the fact that it gives students no prospect for feedback and revision that are important. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Refugees Essay Samples Some of them might dissimulate some events that might have caused health issues. At this time you have all of the essential info to manage the topic The Syrian Refugees Crisis successfully. To start with, you may need to work on distinct topics. Find out more about the topic thoroughly. Refugees Essay Samples at a Glance Another way is every time a country falls short of a given skill or qualification that are believed to be essential for the welfare of the country. The danger of a terrorist attack by a refugee who undergoes the present screening method is nearly nonexistent. The poor folks living in slums lead to the urban economy in lots of ways. Contrary to what you may have heard, there's a very rigorous screening process already in place for refugees entering the usa. The Foolproof Refugees Essay Samples Strategy While the willingness of the refugees to assimilate in the society is quite evident, their capacity to do so may be questionable. Some men and women feel that developed nations want to aid refugees from countries affected by war and supply them with the fundamental necessities. Contrary to what a lot of people believe, the issue of refugees isn't confined to any specific region. Beyond politics, there are various bodily challenges to fleeing a country for a refugee. Refugees relocate away from their countries as a consequence of persecution by their mother governments or insurgents. In other words, if they remain refugees for life, they are more likely to create problems in other parts of the world. What's more, refugees aren't known to create any issues in their adoptive nation. In the event the climate refugees also arrive here, it is going to be intolerable. Refugees Essay Samples for Dummies On the flip side, a migrant is somebody who makes a conscious choice to move to a different country for economic reasons or for family reunions. In the last few years, with the African political situation is easing and the financial situation started to improve, individuals appear to believe that everything will be OK. An immigrant is someone who moves from 1 country to another.

Charismatic Leadership Behaviours - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2199 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Human Behavior in Organizations Topic: The relationship between charismatic leadership behaviors and organizational Introduction The survey of this research paper are investigated that the relationship between the charismatic leadership and organizational commitment in Indian Organization. A survey of 147 employees who work in eastern and northern India. The results of this study showed that charismatic leadership can be influence values and the emotional needs between manager and employees, especially influences on commitment, it is a clear vision for managers to achieve the common goals and values of the organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Charismatic Leadership Behaviours" essay for you Create order Within an organization, leadership influence will be dependent upon the type of power that the leader can exercise over other people. The exercise of leadership power can influence the behavior or action of others in order to obtain both follower satisfaction and productivity. The Study of Indian Company There are 147 employees who working at difference levels in a large organization in Eastern and northern region in India. Data were collected in written form and some data such as ago, monthly income, length of service, educational background, nature of job etc. We found that the average of age was 34.51 years and 6.1% were female out of 147 total employee. The average monthly incomes were 21951 rupees, it is approx. 353.495 USD and the average lengths of service were 13.78 years. Most of the employees had spent at least two working years in this organization. The education levels were as 28% in high school, 42.9% was graduated, and 4.1% were technical or degree level. There are 75% were married and only 25% were unmarried. Referring to the above data, concluded that the overall job satisfaction and organizational commitment are relatively above average, the result showed that they are satisfied and committed towards their job duties due to their leader who presented in charismatic and transformation leadership skills and behaviors. Some factors such as nature of job, length of service, it also affected the organizational commitment of employees. On the other hand, such as age, educational background and nature of job, it do not predict the organization commitment based on these data. This study may help us to understand and re-look at the past history of the organizational commitment. The study has some limitations due to incomplete information that cannot be apply for all organization. However, this of the analyzed data, the findings can prove useful for guiding future research. Charismatic leadership Referent power is the ability of the leader to exercise influence on the subordinate because of his perceived attractiveness, personal characteristics, reputation or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Charismaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , so we also call this concept as Charisma Leadership. For example, a particular leader may not have the power to punish but may still exercise power over the subordinates because the manager commands their respect or esteem. Famous examples of charismatic leaders who produce both negative and positive results, they are Adolph Hitler, Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mother Teresa and Bill Clinton. Adolph Hitler is a good example of the destructive power of charismatic leadership. Adolph Hitler was able to use speeches to connect to followers and persuade them to commit genocide. Mahatma Gandhi used his charisma to inspire the followers to protest nonviolently. Mahatma Gandhi can fast showed self-sacrifice and commitment to his followers. Mahatma Gandhià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s charismatic leadership can help him to gain more followers and enough attention to aid in peacefully ending British rule of India. Charismatic leaders are good at observing others and discerning their emotional needs. The leader which show his interacts with other people, and he can pays enough attention to people during the conversation. For example, the charismatic leaders may change their presentation skills or attitude to suit the needs of any people that interact with. The leader can use both body language and speeches tactics to convert the people to their point of view. According to Weber (1974), he was emphasis on charisma as a personality characteristic, the charismatic leader who have a strong desire to influence others, such as self-confident and strong sense of moral values. He also recognized the important role played by the followers in charisma leadership (Bryman 1992 and House 1976). One of the follower à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" House, he described that charismatic leadership is focusing on the emotional and mo tivational of followers, and he also identified that the mission, rust and confidence, self-esteem should be articulated by the leader. Conger Kanungo (1998), they developed a model of charismatic leadership into three stages. The theory are focus on the leadership process. First stage, the leader will assess the environment as to growth opportunities for the respective organization, and evaluates their membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs carefully. In the second stage, the respective leader will formulate a strategic vision, it is presented in a inspiring way, such as strategic vision and articulation. In the third stage, the leader will provide a role model to their followers by demonstrating personal risk and unconventional behavior. The leader also can build up the followersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ trust and commitment. Conger emphasized the vision should be include an essential ingredient of charisma, even much stronger than the previous two theories that the leader have this ability to articulate a vision among man other qualities. Conger and Kanungo also classified into six scales. They are Sensitivity to the leadership, Sensitivity to memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs, Strategic vision and articulation, Personal risk, Unconventional behavior and the Status quo. The example of these six scales: Sensitivity to the leadership The charismatic leader can assess the environment for growth opportunities and also radical change in order to achieve the organizational goals for his followers. Sensitivity to memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs The charismatic leader evaluates his followers in carefully. Strategic vision and articulation The charismatic leader can formulates a strategic vision for the respective organization in an inspiring way for his followers. Personal Risk The leader can present or demonstrate in self-confidence and ensure all the vision in the potential outcome. Unconventional behavior The leader can build the trust and commitment between the leader and the followers, and also provide a role model to followers for reference. Not maintain status Quo The leader can examine the status quo in order to achieve the goal. Conger found that the charismatic leader behavior directly affect to the follower feeling, just a sense of perceptions of group collective identity and perceptions of group task performance. Charismatic leader provided very skilled communicators, the leader are able to communicate to followers on a deep and emotional level, and also have a strong basis for followers commitment to such goals. Both job involvement and charismatic leadership are likely to be related to organizational commitment. Organizational commitment Organizational commitment is very important to organizational success. It plays a large role in determining whether a member will stay with the company and enthusiastically work towards organizational goals. The theory of organizational commitment have three component model (TCM). They are affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment (Meyer and Allen 1991). Affective commitment (Affection for your job) The tendency of the employee want to stay with a company that is based on an emotional attachment. For example, if you enjoy the relationship between the members and the organization, you will want to stay in this company. Continuance commitment (Fear of loss) This kind of commitment that you believe that leaving the organization would be costly. For example, if you stay at the company because of the loss you would experience by leaving it is greater than the benefit you think you might gain in a new role. On the other hand, you might feel loss if you leave a well famous company, such as a top law firm or accounting firm. Normative commitment (Sense of obligation to stay) This kind of commitment that even you are unhappy in your role, but you still want to stay with your company because of you feel a sense of obligation to your company, that is the right thing to do. For example, you will stay with your company even you are unhappy, because of your family will give you stressful that you should stay loyal to your company. You will want to stay the company because of your have invested money or time in your college tuition, you should want to receive the reward from the company, so you better stay. By applying the three component model developed by Meyer and Allen, it help to develop the team to think positive. According to Meyer and Allenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model, their model provide a comprehensive overview of organizational commitment, and it is the greatest practical study for the researchers. People are likely to feel increased commitment between the team and the organization, the members will feel more motivate and positive and want to ge t the job satisfaction. We can see that people are less likely to leave their company because of the age and tenancy of employees increase (Hunt 1985). Mathieu and Zajac (1990) also pointed out that some of the employees with higher leaves of education, which show less commitment to their company, and the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ commitment is a concern to the organization because of it is related to reduced turnover. Tsui and Cheng (1999) found that the job position, length of service and marital status can influence employee commitment. Charismatic leadership and organizational commitment Referring to Conger and Kanungo, charismatic leadership, these theories was focus on exceptional leaders who have unexpected effects on their followers. Two fields of research have gained conservable interest. For Conger and Kanungoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Charismatic leadership, they described that why the followers identify with their respective leader, and transformational leaders emphasis that motivation can creating and representing an inspiring vision for the future. The positive effects of transformational and charismatic leadership on the outcomes under the significance, these positive effects examine the behavior of leaders, who are able to draw out the confidence and support of the followers, and it lead to achieve the productivity, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It also impact the followers to increases their performance, efficiency, ability and easy to meet the expectation. Rowden (2000) was found that charismatic leader behavior who have a clear vision, and sensitivity to understand what member needs, it is positively related to affective organizational commitment. We can see that charismatic leader can improve the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ commitment. Transformational leadership behavior also can encourage employees in both positive way to develop stronger employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ commitment as well. In general, managerial level, the leadership style which affect the employee attitudes to their organizations, and also managers are powerful to influence the subordinate to loyalty. In other study, the researcher found that the connection is important as connection is between the leadership and commitment and expected high correlations between transformational leadership and affective commitment (Bycio 1995). A good leader can inspire the followers by persuade them in their vision. Leadership is not about enforcing the leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dream, it is about developing a shared sense of destiny (Kouzes and Posner 2002). The result of above leaders who suggest that leaders need to exercise the charismatic leadership and transformation leadership, more practice based on their experience and trends for organizational commitment. A relationship is between the leadership style and subordinates organizational commitment, so if the manager managing the employee, the commitment is important and first priori ty because of it will reduced turnover and absenteeism and also increase the knowledge and behavior. Confusion The aim of this study is to further the understanding of the relationship between charismatic leadership and organizational commitment in Indian organization and even other large organization. As charismatic leadership should influence values and the emotional needs of subordinates, it is important to influences on commitment were expected in this study. The study can help us to explain how much charismatic leadership which can contribute to organization and commitment between employee and organization as well. This study can explore more effects of charismatic leadership on organizational commitment and described the leadership behaviors by Conger and Kanungo and Meyer and Allen. References Babcock-Roberson Oriel J. Strickland, 2010, The Relationship Between Charismatic Leadership Work Engagement, and Organizational Citizen Behaviors, The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied Volume 144, Issue 3 Bycio P, Hackett RD, Allen JS, 1995, Further assessments of Bassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership J. Appl. 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